Perfil sociodemográfico e laboratorial dos pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise em um centro de referência do Estado do Ceará / Sociodemographic and laboratory profile of patients undergoing hemodialysis in a reference center in the State of Ceará / Perfil sociodemográfico y de laboratorio de dos pacientes sometidos a hemodiálisis en un centro de referencia del Estado de Ceará

A Doença Renal Crônica (DRC) é uma importante redução da função renal que causa alterações no metabolismo dos indivíduos. Para acompanhar a progressão da DRC e prevenir possíveis complicações, foi realizada uma pesquisa para avaliar o perfil sociodemográfico, bioquímico e hematológico de pacientes com Insuficiência Renal Crônica (IRC) submetidos a hemodiálise. Esta pesquisa foi quantitativa, descritiva e transversal de caráter retrospectivo, realizada por meio da análise de dados secundários contidos nos prontuários dos pacientes. A coleta de dados ocorreu no Centro de Hemodiálise da cidade de Russas, no Ceará. A amostra foi constituída por 161 pacientes com DRC, sendo 63,35% do sexo masculino e 85,71% pardos, com uma idade média de 54,39 anos. Desses, 63,97% tinham entre 2 e 10 anos de tratamento e 57,76% possuíam ensino fundamental incompleto. 19,25% residiam em Russas. Resultados: Após a hemodiálise, os resultados mostraram 44 mg/dL de Ureia, 48,44% dos pacientes com valores normais. A hemoglobina e hematócrito médios foram 11,8 g/dL e 33,7%, respectivamente, sendo que 63,35% tiveram valores reduzidos. 85,10% dos pacientes tiveram contagem de plaquetas normal, 72,04% níveis adequados de ferro e albumina, 52,79% tiveram níveis elevados de ferritina, 23,61% redução de transferrina e níveis lipídicos satisfatórios. 79,50% apresentaram níveis séricos de potássio dentro da normalidade, 12,42% de fósforo acima do normal, 85,09% de cálcio dentro dos valores normais, 39,13% de PTHi normais e 86,33% de glicose dentro dos valores considerados normais. Com base nos resultados, concluiu-se que todos os pacientes em tratamento hemodialítico apresentam diversas alterações em decorrência da DRC e do próprio processo de tratamento. Portanto, a realização de exames para avaliar ou monitorar possíveis complicações da IRC é essencial para criar estratégias e intervenções mais eficazes, que melhorem a assistência prestada a esses pacientes e, consequentemente, da qualidade e expectativa de vida dos mesmos.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is an important reduction in kidney function that causes changes in the metabolism of individuals. To monitor the progression of CKD and prevent possible complications, a survey was carried out to assess the sociodemographic, biochemical and hematological profile of patients with Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) undergoing hemodialysis. This research was quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional with a retrospective character, carried out through the analysis of secondary data contained in the patients' medical records. Data collection took place at the Hemodialysis Center in the city of Russas, Ceará. The sample consisted of 161 patients with CKD, 63.35% male and 85.71% brown, with an average age of 54.39 years. Of these, 63.97% had between 2 and 10 years of treatment and 57.76% had incomplete primary education. 19.25% resided in Russas. Results: After hemodialysis, the results showed 44 mg/dL of Urea, 48.44% of patients with normal values. Average hemoglobin and hematocrit were 11.8 g/dL and 33.7%, respectively, with 63.35% having reduced values. 85.10% of the patients had normal platelet counts, 72.04% had adequate levels of iron and albumin, 52.79% had high levels of ferritin, 23.61% had reduced transferrin and satisfactory lipid levels. 79.50% had serum levels of potassium within the normal range, 12.42% of phosphorus above normal, 85.09% of calcium within normal values, 39.13% of PTHi normal and 86.33% of glucose within the values considered normal. Based on the results, it was concluded that all patients on hemodialysis have several changes due to CKD and the treatment process itself. Therefore, carrying out tests to assess or monitor possible complications of CRF is essential to create more effective strategies and interventions that improve the care provided to these patients and, consequently, their quality and life expectancy.

La Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC) es una reducción importante de la función renal que provoca cambios en el metabolismo de los individuos. Para monitorizar la evolución de la ERC y prevenir posibles complicaciones, se realizó una encuesta para evaluar el perfil sociodemográfico, bioquímico y hematológico de los pacientes con Insuficiencia Renal Crónica (IRC) en hemodiálisis. Esta investigación fue cuantitativa, descriptiva y transversal con carácter retrospectivo, realizada a través del análisis de datos secundarios contenidos en las historias clínicas de los pacientes. La recolección de datos ocurrió en el Centro de Hemodiálisis de la ciudad de Russas, Ceará. La muestra estuvo constituida por 161 pacientes con ERC, 63,35% del sexo masculino y 85,71% pardos, con una edad media de 54,39 años. De estos, 63,97% tenían entre 2 y 10 años de tratamiento y 57,76% tenían primaria incompleta. El 19,25% residía en Russas. Resultados: Posterior a la hemodiálisis los resultados arrojaron 44 mg/dL de Urea, 48,44% de los pacientes con valores normales. La hemoglobina y el hematocrito medios fueron 11,8 g/dl y 33,7 %, respectivamente, con un 63,35 % con valores reducidos. El 85,10% de los pacientes presentaba plaquetas normales, el 72,04% presentaba niveles adecuados de hierro y albúmina, el 52,79% presentaba niveles elevados de ferritina, el 23,61% presentaba transferrina reducida y niveles satisfactorios de lípidos. El 79,50% presentaba niveles séricos de potasio dentro de la normalidad, el 12,42% de fósforo por encima de lo normal, el 85,09% de calcio dentro de los valores normales, el 39,13% de PTHi normal y el 86,33% de glucosa dentro de los valores considerados normales. Con base en los resultados, se concluyó que todos los pacientes en hemodiálisis tienen varios cambios debido a la ERC y al propio proceso de tratamiento. Por tanto, la realización de pruebas para evaluar o monitorizar las posibles complicaciones de la IRC es fundamental para crear estrategias e intervenciones más eficaces que mejoren la atención a estos pacientes y, en consecuencia, su calidad y esperanza de vida.

Frecuencia de síndrome metabólico en adultos mayores de la ciudad El Alto-Bolivia, gestión 2019 / Frequency of metabolic syndrome among elderly people in the city of El Alto, Bolivia, in 2019

INTRODUCCIÓN: el síndrome metabólico es una entidad compleja, compuesta por factores de riesgo cardiaco como: Obesidad, Diabetes. Hipertensión, dislipemia etc. OBJETIVO: determinar la frecuencia de síndrome metabólico en adultos mayores de la ciudad El Alto, durante la gestión 2019. METODOLOGÍA: investigación transversal cuantitativa, se evaluaron a 124 individuos, reclutados en Auki Utas por el gobierno autónomo municipal de El Alto, mediante coordinación con la Unidad de Protección al Adulto Mayor, durante la gestión 2019. Previo consentimiento informado, se determinó antropometría, tensión arterial, toma de muestra de sangre venosa, para procesamiento de pruebas bioquímicas, (glucemia, triglicéridos, colesterol total, HDL colesterol y LDL colesterol). RESULTADOS: el 62% (77/124) de la población estudiada se encuadra dentro del diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico, presentando datos alterados en por lo menos tres de los criterios evaluados. CONCLUSIONES: la población estudiada presenta altos porcentajes de síndrome metabólico, con mayor tendencia a la obesidad e hipertensión, por lo que es importante la promoción y prevención, ya que el sobrepeso y obesidad son factores de riesgo para la resistencia a la insulina, determinante de los demás criterios (marcadores), actividades de promoción y prevención son necesarias en la ciudad de El Alto, para evitar morbimortalidad por síndrome metabólico

INTRODUCTION: metabolic syndrome is a complex entity, composed of cardiac risk factors such as: obesity, diabetes. hypertension, dyslipidemia, etc. OBJECTIVE: determine a baseline regarding metabolic syndrome in older adults in the El Alto city, which can be used in the future to carry out potential preventive interventions. METHODOLOGY: quali-quantitative research, studied 124 individuals, recruited in Auki Utas by the Autonomous Municipal Government of El Alto city, through coordination with the Protection Unit for the Elderly, during the 2019 administration. Prior informed consent, anthropometry was determined blood pressure, venous blood sampling, for processing biochemical tests (blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL and LDL). RESULTS: 62% (77/124) of the studied population falls within the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, presenting altered data in at least three of the evaluated entities. CONCLUSIONS: the population studied presents high percentages of metabolic syndrome, with a greater tendency to obesity and hypertension, so promotion and prevention is important, since overweight and obesity are risk factors for insulin resistance, a determinant of the other criteria (markers), promotion and prevention activities are necessary in the El Alto city, to avoid morbidity and mortality due to metabolic syndrome

Investigation of the protective effect of boric acid against hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic injury induced by acrylamide in rats / Investigación del efecto protector del ácido bórico contra lesiones hepatotóxicas y nefrotóxicas inducidas por acrilamida en ratas

SUMMARY: To investigate if the administration of boric acid (BA) would exert any protective effect against possible nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity induced by the exposure to acrylamide (ACR) in rats. In our study, we used a total of 28 rats that were divided into four equal groups. Group 1: the control group which was not treated with any procedure. Group 2: the ACR group that was administered ACR 50 mg/kg/day via intraperitoneal (i.p) route for 14 days. Group 3: the BA group that was administered BA 200 mg/kg/ day via gavage via peroral (p.o) route for 14 days. Group 4: the ACR+BA group that was administered BA simultaneously with ACR. Total antioxidant and oxidant (TAS/TOS) capacities were measured in all groups at the end of the experiment. In addition, the specimens obtained were evaluated with histopathological examination. Studies showed that the ACR and ACr+BA groups were not significantly different in terms of hepatic TAS level while the TOS level was higher in the ACR group than the ACR+BA group. The groups did not show any significant difference regarding renal TAS and TOS levels. In the histopathological examination of the hepatic tissue, the histopathological injury score of the ACR group was significantly higher than those of the other groups whereas it was significantly lower in the ACR+BA group than the ACR group. Our study concluded that Boric acid had a protective effect against acrylamide- induced hepatotoxicity, but not against nephrotoxicity.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar si la administración de ácido bórico (BA) ejercería algún efecto protector frente a la posible nefrotoxicidad y hepatotoxicidad inducida por la exposición a acrilamida (ACR) en ratas. En nuestro estudio, utilizamos un total de 28 ratas que se dividieron en cuatro grupos iguales. Grupo 1: grupo control que no fue tratado. Grupo 2: grupo ACR al que se le administró ACR 50 mg/kg/día por vía intraperitoneal (i.p) durante 14 días. Grupo 3: grupo BA al que se le administró BA 200 mg/kg/día por sonda por vía peroral (p.o) durante 14 días. Grupo 4: grupo ACR+BA al que se administró BA simultáneamente con ACR. Las capacidades antioxidantes y oxidantes totales (TAS/TOS) se midieron en todos los grupos al final del experimento. Además, los especímenes obtenidos fueron evaluados con examen histopatológico. Los estudios demostraron que los grupos ACR y ACr+BA no fueron significativamente diferentes en términos del nivel hepático de TAS, mientras que el nivel de TOS fue mayor en el grupo ACR que en el grupo ACR+BA. Los grupos no mostraron ninguna diferencia significativa con respecto a los niveles renales de TAS y TOS. En el examen histopatológico del tejido hepático, la puntuación de lesión histopatológica del grupo ACR fue significativamente mayor que la de los otros grupos, mientras que fue significativamente menor en el grupo ACR+BA que en el grupo ACR. Nuestro estudio concluyó que el ácido bórico tiene un efecto protector contra la hepatotoxicidad inducida por acrilamida, pero no contra la nefrotoxicidad.

Development of an on-line and off-line blended teaching practice for Biochemistry Experiments / 生物工程学报

On-line and off-line blended teaching is one of the directions for future experimental teaching mode reform in universities. Blended teaching is characterized by systematic course design, repeatable knowledge nodes, autonomous learning and frequent interaction between teachers and students. The on-line and off-line blended teaching course of Biochemistry Experiments in Zhejiang University includes massive open online course (MOOC), off-line comprehensive series of experiments and independent experiments design and practice. The blended teaching practice of this course expanded experimental teaching content, developed standardized preparation, process and assessment mechanism, and promoted shared application of the course.

Practices of integrating the undergraduate and graduate teaching of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology / 生物工程学报

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology are the cornerstone courses of talent training in the field of life science. Taking these course as an example, this study explored reconstructing the knowledge framework, developing teaching cases, sharing teaching resources, innovating teaching means and establishing ideological education patterns. Supported by the scientific research achievements with discipline characteristics and online teaching platform, this research explored and practiced an integrated curriculum reform mode. This mode is guided by scientific research and education, based on the course development, and driven by communication and cooperation. A shared space of "exchange, practice, openness and informatization" was developed to achieve free and independent integration of undergraduate and graduate teaching motivated by learning knowledge, resulting in an effective student training.

Maestría en Bioquímica: dos decenios formando especialistas de cuarto nivel. Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo / Master's in Biochemistry: two decades training fourth-level specialists. Santo Domingo Autonomous University

A pesar de la gran importancia de las ciencias fisiológicas en el desarrollo de las ciencias de la salud, la preparación de recursos humanos en estas áreas se mantuvo muy por debajo de las especialidades clínico-quirúrgicas y epidemiológicas, en la Escuela de Ciencias Fisiológicas de la Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, República Dominicana. No fue hasta 1999, que ante la urgente necesidad de brindar oportunidades de calificación de cuarto nivel a los profesores, se inició el primer programa de Maestría en Bioquímica. El objetivo de esta comunicación es compartir sus logros y experiencias donde se destacan su vínculo asociado a las necesidades de superación y demandas laborales, los aspectos metodológicos en la impartición de sus seis programas y los ajustes atemperados a las condiciones impuestas por la pandemia de COVID-19.

Despite the great importance of the physiological sciences in the development of health sciences, the preparation of human resources in these areas felt behind the clinical-surgical and epidemiological specialties at the School of Physiological Sciences Santo Domingo Autonomous University, Dominican Republic. It was not until 1999, that according to the urgent need to provide fourth-level qualification opportunities to teachers, the first Master's program in Biochemistry began. The objective of this research paper is to share their achievements and experiences where their link associated with the needs for improvement and labor demands, the methodological aspects in the delivery of their six programs and the tempered adjustments to the conditions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic stand out.

La experimentación en la formación de especialistas en Bioquímica Clínica / Experimentation in the training of specialists in Clinical Biochemistry

Fundamento: la bioquímica es una ciencia experimental, por lo que la Bioquímica Clínica es muy apropiada para la creación de habilidades de trabajo experimental, en la carrera de Medicina. Objetivo: diseñar actividades prácticas para el módulo Proteínas, a fin de contribuir a la adquisición de las habilidades experimentales en la formación de los especialistas desde la Bioquímica Clínica. Métodos: se realizó una investigación cualitativa transversal observacional en la Facultad de Medicina, durante el año 2019. Los métodos teóricos utilizados fueron el analítico-sintético y el inductivo-deductivo; y empírico: el análisis documental; además, los métodos de diseño inverso para la planificación de las actividades prácticas, y el de aprendizaje por indagación en el desarrollo de los seminarios y de las actividades prácticas. Resultados: se diseñaron las actividades, teniendo en cuenta las unidades didácticas, habilidades experimentales a crear y las actividades prácticas de laboratorio. Se brindaron tareas específicas para desarrollar el pensamiento crítico, la resolución de problemas y la evaluación de situaciones complejas. Para su correcta aplicación se elaboraron guías y se orientó la bibliografía, lo cual facilitó el trabajo independiente. Conclusiones: las actividades prácticas diseñadas para el módulo Proteínas contribuyeron a que los residentes de Bioquímica Clínica adquirieran las habilidades del trabajo experimental, imprescindible para alcanzar la competencia profesional en la docencia, la investigación y la asistencia médica.

Background: biochemistry is an experimental science, so Clinical Biochemistry is very appropriate for the creation of experimental work skills in the Medicine career. Objective: design practical activities for the Proteins module, in order to contribute to the acquisition of experimental skills in the training of specialists from Clinical Biochemistry. Methods: a qualitative cross-sectional observational research was carried out at the Faculty of Medicine during 2019. The theoretical methods used were analytical-synthetic and inductive-deductive; and empirical ones: documentary analysis; In addition, reverse design methods for planning practical activities, and inquiry learning in the development of seminars and practical activities. Results: the activities were designed, taking into account the teaching units, experimental skills to be created and the practical laboratory activities. Specific tasks were provided to develop critical thinking, problem solving, and evaluating complex situations. For its correct application, guides were prepared and the bibliography was oriented, which facilitated independent work. Conclusions: the practical activities designed for the Proteins module contributed to the Clinical Biochemistry residents acquiring the skills of experimental work, essential to achieve professional competence in teaching, research and medical care.

Investigation of antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of the bark of Caesalpinia ferrea in Swiss mice exposed to paracetamol / Investigação da atividade antioxidante do extrato etanólico da casca de Caesalpinia ferrea em camundongos Swiss expostos ao paracetamol

Aims: it was evaluated the antioxidant effect of the ethanolic extract of Caesal-pinia ferrea bark in a model of oxidative stress induced by paracetamol (PCM). Methods: male Swiss mice were subdivided into four groups (control; PCM; PCM+extract; extract; n=8) in which a dose of paracetamol (250 mg.kg-1) was administered and after 3 hours the treatment with the extract (100 mg.kg-1/day) was administered for seven days, via gavage. Oxidative stress biomarkers were determined, such as catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, reduced gluta-thione, ascorbic acid, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and carbonylated proteins of liver, kidneys and brain and plasma parameters through the dosage of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Results: the Caesalpinia ferrea extract was able to reverse the lipid and protein damage caused by the drug in the liver tissue and caused the same effect in the renal and brain tissues in the carbonylated proteins. The extract alone decreased liver glutathione-S-transferase and increased catalase and brain glutathione-S-transferase activity, in addition to lowering glucose and cholesterol, but without altering the triglycerides. Conclusions: it was possible to conclude that the ethanolic extract of the bark of Caesalpinia ferrea has a good antioxidant activity, probably due to dose of paracetamol in the samples investigated. However, more studies are needed for a better understanding of the effects of this extract compared to the effects found in this research

Objetivos: foi avaliado o efeito antioxidante do extrato etanólico da casca de Caesalpinia ferrea em modelo de estresse oxidativo induzido por paracetamol (acetaminofeno, PCM). Métodos: camundongos Swiss machos foram subdivididos em quatro grupos (controle; PCM; PCM+extrato; extrato; n=8) nos quais foi administrada uma dose de paracetamol (250 mg.kg-1) e após três horas foi administrado o tratamento com o extrato (100 mg.kg-1/ dia) por sete dias, via gavagem. Foram determinados biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo, como catalase, glutationa-S-transferase, glutationa reduzida, ácido ascórbico, substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico e proteínas carboniladas do fígado, rins e cérebro, além de parâmetros plasmáticos através da dosagem de glicose, colesterol, triglicerídeos, aspartato aminotransferase e alanina aminotransferase. Resultados: o extrato de Caesalpinia ferrea foi capaz de reverter os danos lipídicos e proteicos causados pela droga no tecido hepático, e também causou o mesmo efeito nos tecidos renal e cerebral nas proteínas carboniladas. O extrato sozinho diminuiu a atividade da glutationa-S-transferase hepática e aumentou a da catalase e glutationa-S-transferase cerebral, além de diminuir a glicose e o colesterol, mas sem alterar os triglicerídeos. Conclusões: foi possível concluir que o extrato etanólico da casca de Caesalpinia ferrea apresenta uma boa atividade antioxidante, provavelmente devido à presença de taninos, tendo em vista os danos causados pela alta dose de paracetamol nas amostras investigadas. Entretanto, mais estudos são necessários para um melhor entendimento dos efeitos deste extrato frente aos efeitos encontrados nesta pesquisa

Nitrogen and carbon metabolism evaluation in paricá plants subjected to different cadmium concentrations

The development of anthropogenic activities such as industry, mining, agriculture, urban waste discard has been, the main actions that result in increased contamination by heavy metals in soil, water and air. One of the most harmful metals made available by these activities is cadmium, and even at low concentrations it is very toxic mainly in plant structures. The objective of this work was to verify the biochemical behavior of nitrogen and carbon metabolism in young plants of paricá when submitted to increasing cadmium application. For this, a completely randomized experiment was carried out with five treatments (control, CdCl2 178 µM, CdCl2 356 µM, CdCl2 534 µM, CdCl2 712 µM), with seven replicates, totaling 35 experimental units. The sensitivity of this vegetable to the increasing concentrations of cadmium was evident. The root system it presents'' saw where the most toxic element accumulated, solutes such as carbohydrates, sucrose were affected in their concentrations, mainly in the leaves. The root system saw in its concentrations of glycine betaine a possibility of osmoprotection, but this did not reflect an increase in the concentration of nitrate in both leaf and roots. In the other hand, this fact not observed by the concentration of ammonium that increased in the root system. The results showed that the cadmium was transported to aerial part, however, concentrated mainly in the root system characterizing as a phytoextractor species.

Evaluación de la función renal para la detección y seguimiento de la enfermedad renal crónica. Documento multidisciplinario de consenso 2021. Especial atención sobre situaciones clínicas específicas / Evaluation of renal function for the detection and follow-up of chronic kidney disease. Multidisciplinaryconsensus document 2021. Special attention to specific clinical situations

Resumen El filtrado glomerular (FG) se considera el mejor índice para evaluar la función renal en la práctica clínica. Recientemente, ha ganado popularidad la utilización de ecuaciones que estiman el FG, en distintas poblaciones, a partir de los niveles séricos de algunos biomarcadores. Sin embargo, no todas las fórmulas han sido validadas en los diversos escenarios clínicos probables. Las sociedades participantes: Sociedad Argentina de Nefrología, Asociación Bioquímica Argentina, Fundación Bioquímica Argentina y Confederación Unificada Bioquímica de la República Argentina, integradas por nefrólogos y bioquímicos, realizaron un consenso actualizado sobre la utilización del FG como herramienta de detección de la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en la Argentina. Se analizó la bibliografía existente y, teniendo en cuenta aspectos de nuestra realidad sanitaria, se establecieron sugerencias para su utilización. Se actualizaron las indicaciones del uso del FG medido. En sucesivos capítulos se puso foco en distintos estados del FG en diversas poblaciones y situaciones. En los estados de reducción del FG, se mencionaron tanto los fisiológicos propios del envejecimiento, como los determinados por situaciones patológicas, por ejemplo, el observado en la ERC avanzada o el determinado en aquellos pacientes que recibieron un trasplante renal. Se revisaron, por otro lado, las situaciones de incremento del FG, como las observadas en el embarazo o en la obesidad. Se refirieron, asimismo, las limitaciones de la estimación del FG, se reconoció su valor en situaciones de la práctica clínica habitual, o en contextos epidemiológicos definidos y se sugirieron las ecuaciones más adecuadas para su utilización en cada caso.

Abstract The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is considered the best index to assess the renal function in clinical practice. Recently, the use of equations to estimate GFR in different populations, based on the serum levels of some biomarkers, has gained popularity. However, not all the equations have been validated in the various likely clinical scenarios. Thus, the participating societies, i.e. the Argentine Society of Nephrology, the Argentine Association of Biochemistry, the Argentine Foundation of Biochemistry, and the Unified Confederation of Biochemistry of Argentina, composed of nephrologists and biochemists, have established an updated consensus on the use of the GFR as a tool for the detection of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Argentina. The consensus was established on the basis of the analysis of the existing literature and taking into account aspects of the health situation in Argentina. Suggestions for the use of the GFR were made, and the indications for its use were updated. The successive chapters of the consensus consider different values of the GFR in different populations and situations. The different situations considered and reviewed include cases of a decrease in the GFR, such as the physiological one related to aging and that related to pathological situations, as observed in advanced CKD or in patients who have received a kidney transplant, as well as cases of an increase in the GRF, such as that observed in pregnancy or obesity. The consensus also mentions the advantages and limitations of the estimation of the GFR in situations of usual clinical practice or in specific epidemiological contexts, and the most appropriate equations for its use in each case is suggested.

Resumo A filtração glomerular (FG) é considerada o melhor índice para avaliar a função renal na prática clínica. Recentemente, a utilização de equações que calculam a FG, em diferentes populações, ganhou popularidade a partir dos níveis séricos de alguns biomarcadores. Entretanto, nem todas as fórmulas têm sido validadas nos diversos cenários clínicos prováveis. As sociedades participantes: Sociedade Argentina de Nefrologia, Associação Bioquímica Argentina, Fundação Bioquímica Argentina e Confederação Unificada Bioquímica da República Argentina, integradas por nefrologistas e bioquímicos, realizaram um consenso atualizado sobre a utilização da FG, como ferramenta de detecção da doença renal crônica (DRC) na Argentina. Foi analisada a bibliografia existente e, considerando aspectos da nossa realidade sanitária, foram estabelecidas sugestões para sua utilização. Foram atualizadas as indicações do uso da FG medida. Em sucessivos capítulos se colocou o foco em diferentes estados da FG em populações e situações diversas. Nos estados de redução da FG, foram mencionados tanto os fisiológicos próprios do envelhecimento, quanto os determinados por situações patológicas, por exemplo, aquele observado na DRC avançada ou o determinado naqueles pacientes que receberam um transplante renal. Por outra parte, foram revistas as situações de aumento da FG como as observadas na gravidez ou na obesidade. Foram referidas, também, as limitações da estimativa da FG, foi reconhecido o seu valor em situações da prática clínica habitual, ou em contextos epidemiológicos definidos e se sugeriram equações mais adequadas para sua utilização em cada caso.

Scientific production and most researched diseases in the Biological Sciences postgraduate programs in Brazil / Produção científica e doenças mais pesquisadas nos programas de pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas no Brasil

This macro-level scientometrics study aimed to analyze the similarities and differences in the scientific communication patterns of the Brazilian postgraduate programs (BPPs) belonging to the Biological Sciences II field (BS2), as defined by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). Also, it was identified the most researched diseases and it was discussed their relationship with the needs of Brazilian public health considering the burden of disease (Disability-Adjusted Life Year - DALY, Brazil) estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO). Thus, the scientific production of the BS2's sub-areas Biophysics, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, Physiology, and Morphology was evaluated from 2013 to 2016, through considering the citation impact, Impact Factor (Journal Citation Reports), and scientific collaboration. Data collected included formal information provided to CAPES by all BPPs through the Plataforma Sucupira as well as metadata from Web of Science documents. In addition, were employed the standardized Medical Subject Headings (PubMed) for the analysis of researched diseases. We concluded that the patterns of scientific communication in Biophysics, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, Physiology, and Morphology were predominantly different. Thus, there is a need to consider specificities among the five sub-areas in the evaluation process performed by CAPES. Different approaches are revealed by identifying the most frequently researched diseases and explaining the contributions of each sub-area for Brazilian public health.

Este estudo cientométrico de nível macro teve como objetivo analisar as semelhanças e as diferenças nos padrões de comunicação científica dos programas de pós-graduação brasileiros (PPGs) da área de Ciências Biológicas II, avaliados pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). Além disso, foram identificadas as doenças mais pesquisadas e foi discutido sua relação com as necessidades de saúde pública brasileira, considerando a carga de doenças (Disability-Adjusted Life Year - DALY, Brasil) estimada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Assim, a produção científica das subáreas Biofísica, Bioquímica, Farmacologia, Fisiologia e Morfologia da área de Ciências Biológicas II foi avaliada de 2013 a 2016, considerando o impacto de citações, o Fator de Impacto (Journal Citation Reports) e a colaboração científica. Os dados coletados incluíram informações declaradas à CAPES por todos os PPGs por meio da Plataforma Sucupira, bem como metadados de documentos da Web of Science. Além disso, foram utilizados os cabeçalhos de Medical Subject Headings (PubMed) para a análise das doenças pesquisadas. Concluímos que os padrões de comunicação científica entre as subáreas Biofísica, Bioquímica, Farmacologia, Fisiologia e Morfologia foram predominantemente diferentes. Assim, é necessário considerar as especificidades entre as cinco subáreas no processo de avaliação realizado pela CAPES. Diferentes abordagens são reveladas a partir da identificação das doenças mais pesquisadas e da explicação das contribuições de cada subárea para a saúde pública brasileira.

Design of Biochemistry PBL teaching cases suitable for engineering education / 生物工程学报

Engineering education is an important part of China's higher education. With the deepening of the connotation of new engineering talents training, it is timely to carry out the curriculum reform in all directions and improve the quality of engineering talents. In order to highlight the characteristics of fostering new engineering talents, specialized courses and practical courses are becoming the focus of curriculum teaching reform. However to this end, it is urgent to explore how to strengthen fostering talents with engineering characteristics in the professional foundation courses. Taking the biochemistry course as an example, problem-based learning teaching methods were employed, appropriate teaching cases were selected, scientific and technical problems based instructional designs were explored, and students were guided to condense, analyze and solve problems. This study aims to transform the learning attitude of students from "passive" to "active", enhance students' thinking skills, highlight the engineering application of science and technology, lay the foundation for continuous and even lifelong learning, and provide a reference for fostering talents under the new engineering background.

Anaerobic digestion pathways in biochemistry: a teaching practice / 生物工程学报

Anaerobic digestion is another important anaerobic catabolism pathway besides lactic acid and ethanol fermentation, which is of great significance for recycling resources, maintaining the ecological balance, optimizing the energy structure, alleviating the energy crisis, and promoting the implementation of the "Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality" strategy. However, such an important metabolic process has not been involved in the current textbooks and teaching of biochemistry courses, making the teaching system incomplete. The anaerobic digestion process involves many reactions and complex metabolic pathways. In order to improve the students' understanding to this process, we created a full chart of the whole anaerobic digestion process based on systemic literature review and integrated it into the classroom teaching through the BOPPPS teaching mode. It was found that the classroom teaching assisted by this metabolic chart could help students establish the structural framework of the anaerobic digestion process and enrich the knowledge system of metabolism, achieving a good teaching effect. This paper introduces the content of the metabolic pathways of anaerobic digestion and the design of the teaching process, which would facilitate the teaching reforms and perfection of textbooks for related courses, such as Biochemistry, Environmental Engineering Microbiology and New Energy Engineering.

Cannabis and cannabinoids as an alternative remedy in metabolic syndrome

Abstract Metabolic syndrome (MetS), an epidemic defined as a group of interconnected physiological, biochemistry, clinical, and metabolic factors, directly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, and death. MetS therapy includes diet, physical exercise, and a poly-pharmacological intervention. Cannabis is mainly recognized for its recreational uses and has several medical applications for neurological diseases, due to its hypnotic, anxiolytic, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and anticonvulsant activities. Although several clinical observations in Cannabis smokers suggest metabolic effects, its utility in metabolic disorders is unclear. This review aims to determine under what conditions Cannabis might be useful in the treatment of MetS. Cannabis contains 120 phytocannabinoids, of which Δ9-THC mediates its psychoactive effects. Cannabinoids exert biological effects through interactions with the endocannabinoid system, which modulates several physiologic and metabolic pathways through cannabinoid receptors (CB1/CB2). Signaling through both receptors inhibits neurotransmitter release. In general, endocannabinoid system stimulation in Cannabis smokers and Δ9-THC signaling through CB1 have been implicated in MetS development, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. In contrast, CB1 antagonists and non-psychotropic phytocannabinoids like cannabidiol reduce these effects through interactions with both cannabinoid and non-cannabinoid receptors. These pharmacological approaches represent a source of new therapeutic agents for MetS. However, more studies are necessary to support the therapeutic potential of Cannabis and cannabinoids in metabolic abnormalities

Desenvolvimento de jogos didáticos para o ensino de Bioquímica / Development of educational games for biochemical education

A Pesquisa de Educação em Bioquímica investiga aspectos relacionados ao ensino-aprendizagem, principalmente no ensino superior. Dentre as alternativas às aulas expositivas, os jogos didáticos apresentam-se como recursos que promovem a elaboração de estratégias, a tomada de decisão, o intercâmbio de informações entre os pares, etc. Estas características configuram os jogos didáticos como ferramentas importantes para a aprendizagem ativa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver jogos didáticos para o ensino de bioquímica. Para elaboração dos objetos de ensino, utilizou-se uma estratégia baseada em três etapas: definição das características educativas, elaboração do design conceitual e desenvolvimento do jogo e pré-avaliação. A partir da gravação e transcrição de áudio de algumas partidas dos jogos e, quando possível, por questionários, foram feitas avaliações preliminares a fim de inferir o potencial educacional dos recursos didáticos. Dois jogos didáticos foram desenvolvidos: "Pura Proteína! Uma Experiência no Laboratório de Bioquímica" e "Perfil Lipídico". O objetivo principal do primeiro jogo foi desenvolver competências de planejamento e teste de hipóteses cientificas a partir da simulação de experimentos de purificação de proteínas. A construção deste material foi fundamentada em preceitos teóricos do Ensino por Investigação. Pura Proteína é constituído por um tabuleiro e cerca de 4000 cartas e fichas. Os jogadores, ao início do jogo, recebem um desafio: obter uma determinada quantidade de uma proteína específica, purificada a partir de uma solução composta por uma mistura de proteínas. Para a consecução desse objetivo os estudantes recebem informações sobre alguns métodos de purificação de proteínas mais utilizados. Para vencer, os participantes devem combinar métodos de forma eficaz a obter, antes dos outros jogadores, a quantidade de proteína pura desejada. O jogo foi aplicado com estudantes de graduação em Biomedicina e foi feita uma análisedo processo investigativo que empregavam. Verificou-se que o jogo foi capaz de promover a elaboração de um plano de trabalho, tomada de decisão a partir de argumentações, teste e verificação de hipóteses, ao mesmo tempo em que promovia a diversão. O segundo jogo desenvolvido foi "Perfil Lipídico", por meio do qual pretendeu-se explorar a diversidade das estruturas de lipídeos e os grupos químicos que os compunham. O jogo dispõe de quinze lipídeos, distribuídos em ácidos graxos e lipídeos complexos e, para vencer, os jogadores devem descobrir a identidade de um lipídeo a partir de dicas e desenhar sua estrutura. A prática do jogo permitiu diagnosticar pequenos erros conceituais dos jogadores, revelados ao desenhar as estruturas. Ao responder um questionário, os participantes atestaram que este jogo era motivador, de fácil aplicação em sala de aula e que permitiu revisar a estrutura dos lipídeos. Os dois jogos, com objetivos educacionais muito diferentes, foram desenvolvidos a partir de uma estratégia rigorosa, que permitiu o equilíbrio entre as funções lúdicas e educativas, necessário para o sucesso desta estratégia em sala de aula. Em razão da pandemia da COVID-19, os jogos não puderam ser aplicados com o público apropriado, o que impediu uma avaliação mais robusta do potencial educacional. Os dados coletados, no entanto, forneceram indícios de que ambos os objetos de ensino são eficazes para promover o aprendizado de bioquímica, ao mesmo tempo que a diversão própria do jogo

Biochemical Education research focuses on aspects related to teaching and learning, mostly in higher education. Among several methodological alternatives to traditional classes, educational games are tools that promote the development of problem-solving strategies, decision-making, peer exchange of information, etc. These features make educational games valuable tools for active learning. The main goal of the work herein presented was to develop educational games for Biochemical Education. For this purpose, a three-step based strategy was designed: definition of educational features, conceptual game design and development and evaluation. To assess educational potential, qualitative data were obtained by recording and transcribing audio captured during plays, and, when possible, questionnaires were applied. Two educational games were developed: "Pure Protein! An Experiment in the Biochemistry Lab" and "Ten Questions - Lipids". The main learning purpose of the first game was to develop skills in planning and testing scientific hypotheses through a simulation of a protein purification experiment. The game development was based on an Inquirybased learning approach. Pure Protein is a board game set-up with ca. 4000 cards. Players are challenged to obtain an amount of a specific protein, purified from a protein solution. To achieve this goal, students receive general information about common methods used to purify proteins. To win, contestants should efficiently combine methods to obtain the needed protein before their adversaries. The game was applied to Biomedicine undergraduate students, and an analysis of the inquiry process they went through was done. It was verified that the game promotes elaboration of a working plan, decision-making supported by arguments, testing and verifying hypotheses while being a fun and enjoyable activity. The second game is called "Ten Questions - Lipids", by which we intended to explore the structural diversity of lipids and the chemical groups in their composition. The game is based on fifteen molecules, ranging from fattyacids to complex lipids. The goal is to figure out the identity and the structure of a given lipid, using clues given throughout the gameplay. The game application allowed us to assess players conceptual mistakes revealed by their drawings of chemical structures. In questionnaire answers, students stated that the game was motivating, suitable for the classroom and that it promoted the review of lipid structures. Both games, with different learning objectives, were developed using a rigorous strategy, which enables the balance between the ludic and educational functions needed to achieve educational game success. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the games werent properly evaluated with different, larger groups. Nevertheless, the collected data suggest that the teaching objects are efficient both in promoting biochemical learning and fun

The Togo national proficiency test pilot programme for basic clinical chemistry tests

Background: A national proficiency test (PT) programme is not currently implemented in most low-income countries. However, participation in such PT programmes assists improves test performance and result accuracy.Objective: This study assessed how well 11 government hospital laboratories performed 18 basic clinical chemistry tests and identified areas needing improvement.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out by the Division of Laboratories of the Ministry of Health of Togo from 01 July 2016 to 31 December 2016. The test performance was evaluated using panels provided by One World Accuracy, Canada (Vancouver). The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments criteria were used in evaluating the laboratories, and their success rates were compared with the World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa's target of 80%.Results: The overall rate of acceptable results at the laboratories was over 80% for glucose, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase and triglycerides tests. The laboratories using fully automated spectrophotometers had an acceptable results rate of 89% (p = 0.001). The overall performance of the laboratories by cycles varied from 71% to 82%.Conclusion: This national PT programme identified the tests, which laboratories must improve their performance (urea, creatinine, uric acid, bilirubin, cholesterol, total protein, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus). It demonstrated the need for the use of routine appropriate internal quality control in all laboratories. The proficiency test programme should be extended to all clinical laboratories and target all biology disciplines

Cristalogénesis biológica y cristalografía en la elucidación de la estructura tridimensional de las proteínas. Revisión narrativa / Protein tridimensional structure by biological crystallogenesis and crystallography. Narrative review

La obtención de información estructural tridimensional de una proteína es de suma importancia en campos tan variados como la bioquímica funcional, las ciencias de materiales o biomédicas. Siendo actualmente la difracción de rayos X de monocristal el estándar de oro para la consecución de este objetivo, la obtención de dicho monocristal sigue siendo un cuello de botella desde el punto de vista práctico, y poco entendido desde el punto de vista teórico. En este artículo se revisa desde la perspectiva estructural de la proteína la forma en que los rayos X permiten obtener la información estructural y las condiciones fisicoquímicas que permiten la formación de un cristal adecuado para estos experimentos.

Obtaining three-dimensional structural information of a protein is of utmost importance in various fields such as functional biochemistry, materials science, or biomedical sciences. Even though single crystal X-ray diffraction is currently the gold standard for this purpose, growing said single crystal is still a bottleneck from a practical viewpoint, and not fully understood from a theoretical point of view. In this article, we review, from a protein structure perspective, the way X-rays provide structural information, and the physicochemical conditions that promote the formation of an adequate crystal for these experiments.

La neurobiología del asesino: aspectos neuroanatómicos, genéticos, bioquímicos, extrínsecos y sociales / The neurobiology of the killer: neuroanatomical, genetic, biochemical, extrinsic and social aspects / A neurobiologia do assassino: aspectos neuroanatômicos, genéticos, bioquímicos, extrínsecos e sociais

El cuestionamiento del por qué alguien querría asesinar a otra persona aún no tiene una respuesta única: ¿supervivencia, odio, placer, venganza? Frente a este fenómeno, las neurociencias ofrecen un espacio de comprensión relevante y actual para dar respuesta a este interrogante. Diversos estudios clínicos y en neuroimagen han mostrado diversas alteraciones anatómicas, bioquímicas, genéticas y su relación con una variedad de redes neuronales asociadas a conductas agresivas. Subregiones en la corteza prefrontal, la amígdala, el hipocampo y el lóbulo temporal juegan un papel importante en el desarrollo y el funcionamiento de la biología de la agresión. Variaciones genéticas en la regulación de proteinas y neurotransmisores tales como la serotonina y la dopamina han sido establecidas como mediadores en las conductas agresivas y homicidas. Las interacciones epigenéticas y los mediadores sociales representan importantes factores de riesgo adicionales para la agresividad. El presente artículo sistematiza algunos de los factores que influyen en la conducta homicida. Delimita sus factores de riesgo y correlato neurobiológico, así como aporta información basada en evidencia que ayude en la prevención de dichos comportamientos, la comprensión multidimensional del delito y el desarrollo de intervenciones efectivas fundamentadas en las neurociencias cognitivas forenses.

The question of why someone would want to murder another person still has no single answer: survival, hatred, pleasure, revenge? In the face of this phenomenon, neuroscience offers a relevant and current area of understanding to answer this question. Several clinical and neuroimaging studies have shown diverse anatomical, biochemical and genetic alterations and their relationship with a variety of neural networks associated with aggressive behaviors. Subregions in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus and temporal lobe play an important role in the development and functioning of the biology of aggression. Genetic variations in the regulation of proteins and neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine have been established as mediators of aggressive and homicidal behaviors. Epigenetic interactions and social mediators represent additional important risk factors for aggression. The present article systematizes some of the factors that influence homicidal behavior. It delineates their risk factors and neurobiological correlates, as well as provides evidence-based information to aid in the prevention of such behaviors, the multidimensional understanding of crime, and the development of effective interventions based on forensic cognitive neuroscience.

A questão de pôr que alguém quereria matar outra pessoa ainda não tem uma única resposta: sobrevivência, ódio, prazer, vingança? Diante deste fenômeno, as neurociências oferecem uma área relevante e atual de compreensão para responder a esta pergunta. Vários estudos clínicos e de neuroimagem têm mostrado diversas alterações anatômicas, bioquímicas e genéticas e sua relação com uma variedade de redes neurais associadas a comportamentos agressivos. Sub-regiões no córtex pré-frontal, amígdala, hipocampo e lobo temporal desempenham um papel importante no desenvolvimento e funcionamento da biologia da agressão. Variações genéticas na regulação de proteínas e neurotransmissores como a serotonina e a dopamina foram estabelecidas como mediadores de comportamentos agressivos e homicidas. As interações epigenéticas e os mediadores sociais representam fatores de risco adicionais importantes para a agressão. Este artigo sistematiza alguns dos fatores que influenciam o comportamento homicida. Ela delineia seus fatores de risco e correlatos neurobiológicos e fornece informações baseadas em evidências para ajudar na prevenção de tais comportamentos, na compreensão multidimensional do crime e no desenvolvimento de intervenções eficazes baseadas na neurociência cognitiva forense.